Insufficient nutrition of rice flour harms children’s health.

Original title: Insufficient nutrition of rice noodles harms children’s health

Recently, the State Food and Drug Administration announced the information of the second phase of food safety supervision and sampling inspection in 2015. In the unqualified list of special dietary foods, 17 kinds of unqualified foods are all infant rice noodles, and the unqualified reasons are mainly sodium, calcium, vitamins and other nutrients. Then, as an important complementary food for infants and young children, what impact will it bring to the baby if its nutritional components are not up to standard?

Baby rice noodles focus on nutrition cards.

The reporter found from the information of the second food safety supervision and sampling inspection released by the State Food and Drug Administration in 2015 that the brands involved in the unqualified list of this special diet are Meiliyou, Disney, Baoduomei, Weixiang, Borhui, Bei Le Su, Bocheng Food, Dimixiong and Deqier.

Taking Shantou Kangyuan Food Co., Ltd. as an example, the sodium content of Meiliyou brand infant nutrition rice flour (shredded pork tomato) was 1.4mg/100kJ, far below the national standard of 24.0mg/100kJ; The content of vitamin A in the first stage of Disney brand formula nutritious rice flour with black rice and red dates produced by Shantou Peizhi Food Co., Ltd. is 6μgRE/100kJ, which is lower than the standard value of 14-43 μ GRE/100 kJ. The formula nutritional rice flour of Huai Shan Yi Mi Jin Zuan, a Bocheng food brand produced by Jiangxi Tianfang Industrial Co., Ltd., has a calcium content of 8mg/100kJ, which is lower than the national nutritional index of 12mg/100kJ.

Recently, the reporter visited the market and found that there are many brands and types of infant rice noodles on the market, and what they have in common is that they all marked their "nutrition" characteristics with eye-catching fonts. Take a brand of black rice and jujube rice noodles as an example. In addition to the same eye-catching word "nutrition" in front of the rice noodles, this rice noodle suitable for infants aged 6 to 36 months also emphasizes its own "scientific formula", scientific proportion of vitamins and minerals, and strengthens iron, zinc and calcium. Another brand of pea infant rice noodles also claimed on the packaging that it was "balanced nutrition and smooth digestion".

Nutrition is related to children’s health.

Then, what kind of consequences will it bring to children if the nutritional components of rice noodles are not up to standard?

Zhang Silai, former director of pediatrics at the Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, pointed out that children in infancy are growing and developing, and their stomachs are not large, and every meal is to meet the needs of growth. Moreover, the food that infants can eat is limited, especially for children who have just added complementary food. Baby rice noodles may be the only food for children except milk. If you eat rice flour with substandard nutrition for a long time, your child may suffer from malnutrition for a long time, which will bring irreparable regret to the growth of infants and young children. Take vitamin A as an example, its deficiency will not only damage the normal development of cornea, but also lead to diseases such as pneumonia and measles in infants.

With the frequent exposure of negative news about infant rice noodles in recent years, many parents dare not add rice noodles to their children, but instead add other complementary foods or simply delay the time for children to add complementary foods. In this regard, Zhang Silai pointed out that when the baby grows up to 6 months, the coordination of the digestive system and various organs has matured, and the enzymes for digesting starch in the intestine are gradually active. The addition of milk-transferring food helps the baby to complete the transition from relying on breast milk to using other foods for nutrition. Zhang Silai reminded that the baby’s first complementary food, the first choice is iron-containing rice flour, which is not easy to be allergic, but also can supplement iron. At the same time, it is necessary to cooperate with fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C to help iron absorption.

Rice flour cannot replace milk.

As a complementary food, infant rice flour is important, but its importance still cannot replace breast milk or formula milk. Some mothers think that since the baby can eat complementary food, it is the baby’s staple food, which usually reduces the amount of feeding to the baby.

Zhang Silai pointed out that rice flour is only a supplementary food, and the supplementary food for babies is also called weaning food. Its meaning does not only refer to the food used when babies are weaned, but also refers to the "transitional" food added during the period from single breast feeding to complete weaning. However, some nutrients in milk are not available in complementary food. Within one year old, the baby’s staple food should be breast milk or formula milk, and complementary food can only be used as a supplementary food.

According to reports, the main ingredients of rice flour are carbohydrates, followed by a small amount of protein, fat and B vitamins. What babies need most in the growth stage is protein. The protein contained in rice flour is not only of poor quality, but also of low content, which cannot meet the needs of babies’ growth and development. If only rice flour food is used instead of milk, protein’s deficiency will appear.

Jinghua Times reporter Xia Wen

(Source: Jinghua Times)

From what aspects will the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Toothpaste protect consumers’ rights and interests? Interpretation of a text

First, why should we formulate the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Toothpaste?

Toothpaste is not only a daily consumer product, but also a product closely related to people’s health. From the early days of the founding of New China to the 1990s, toothpaste was managed by the former Ministry of Light Industry. In 2005, the former General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) implemented production license management for toothpaste manufacturers and issued cosmetics production licenses in accordance with the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Administration of Production Licenses for Industrial Products. In 2007, the former General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine issued the Regulations on the Management of Cosmetic Labeling (Order No.100), which included products used for teeth in cosmetics. After the institutional reform in 2013, the former Food and Drug Administration assumed the function of cosmetics supervision, and continued to issue cosmetics production licenses to toothpaste manufacturers, but toothpaste products were not included in cosmetics management.

On June 16th, 2020, the State Council issued the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations), which stipulated that toothpaste should be managed with reference to the regulations on ordinary cosmetics. After evaluating the efficacy of toothpaste according to national standards and industry standards, the filer can claim that toothpaste has the efficacy of preventing caries, inhibiting dental plaque, resisting dentin sensitivity and alleviating gum problems. The specific measures for the administration of toothpaste shall be formulated by the drug supervision and administration department of the State Council, and submitted to the market supervision and administration department of the State Council for review and release. In order to implement the Regulations, standardize the production and operation activities of toothpaste, strengthen the supervision and management of toothpaste, ensure the quality and safety of toothpaste, protect the health of consumers, and promote the healthy development of toothpaste industry, National Medical Products Administration organized the drafting of the Measures for the Supervision and Management of Toothpaste (hereinafter referred to as the Measures), and submitted it to the State Administration of Market Supervision for review and release according to procedures.

2. What are the main contents of the Measures?

The "Measures" consists of 25 articles, the main contents of which include: First, the definition of toothpaste and the regulatory authorities are clarified. Toothpaste is defined as a paste product that is applied to the surface of human teeth in a rubbing way with the main purpose of cleaning. It is clear that the departments responsible for drug supervision and administration in National Medical Products Administration and above the county level are responsible for toothpaste supervision. The second is to clarify the management requirements of toothpaste and toothpaste raw materials. It is stipulated that toothpaste should be put on record management, and new toothpaste raw materials should be registered or put on record management according to the degree of risk. Third, continue to use the current toothpaste production license system and issue cosmetics production licenses for toothpaste production. The fourth is to clarify the efficacy management and labeling requirements of toothpaste. It is required that the efficacy claim of toothpaste should have sufficient scientific basis, and the contents that toothpaste should be labeled and prohibited should be clearly defined.

3. What are the principles and ideas for drafting the Measures?

The drafting process of the Measures mainly follows the following principles and ideas:

First, strictly implement the "four strictest" requirements. According to the relevant provisions of the Regulations, "Toothpaste shall be managed according to the provisions of these Regulations on ordinary cosmetics", the Measures set up a series of supervision systems from the aspects of new raw material management, product filing, label declaration, efficacy evaluation, etc. of toothpaste, so as to clarify legal responsibilities and effectively safeguard consumers’ health rights and interests.

The second is the principle of highlighting key points. Judging from the product characteristics and international supervision experience, toothpaste and cosmetics have much in common in management. In order to improve the supervision efficiency and highlight the key points of toothpaste supervision, the Measures mainly specify the specific requirements of toothpaste reference management, and make special management provisions on toothpaste filing management, toothpaste new raw material registration and filing, toothpaste production license, safety assessment, efficacy declaration, etc. For the contents consistent with cosmetics management, the Measures do not make repeated provisions.

The third is to highlight the principle of problem orientation. The main problem in the current toothpaste market is the confusion of efficacy claims. The "Measures" clearly define the boundaries of toothpaste, and at the same time strictly restrict the claims of efficacy of toothpaste products, such as preventing caries, inhibiting dental plaque, resisting dentin sensitivity and alleviating gum problems, in order to curb the occurrence of illegal claims of toothpaste.

The fourth is to adhere to the working principle of striving for progress while maintaining stability. Considering that the filing management of toothpaste is the new requirement of the Regulations and Measures, the Measures intend to reduce the impact and impact on the industry by setting a reasonable transition period and following the existing national standards and industry standards.

4. What is the definition of toothpaste in the Measures?

The "Measures" stipulate that toothpaste refers to a paste-like product that is applied to the surface of human teeth by friction, with cleaning as the main purpose. This definition reaffirms that the action mode of toothpaste is auxiliary friction, the action site is the tooth surface, and the main purpose of use is cleaning, which is basically consistent with people’s daily understanding of toothpaste products. It can be seen from this definition that the material properties of toothpaste products are limited in the Measures, which must be "paste", which means that tooth powder, mouthwash and other oral care products are excluded.

Considering that oral cleaning and nursing products include a wide range of products, besides tooth powder and mouthwash, there are also products such as oral bacteriostatic cream with the name of Xiao (sanitary disinfection), tooth desensitizing gel with the name of Machinery (medical devices) and butyl boron cream with the name of Medicine (medicines). Among these products, those with relatively high safety risks need to be strictly supervised according to drugs and medical devices, while those with relatively low safety risks can be managed according to general industrial products. It is obviously not scientific and reasonable to refer to cosmetics for record management in general. Therefore, according to the system design of the Regulations, the Measures make the above provisions on the definition of toothpaste.

5. What is the management idea of the "Measures" on the efficacy claim of toothpaste?

Relatively speaking, the efficacy claims in China’s toothpaste market are confusing, and there are endless cases of claiming "anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hemostasis", "promoting children’s teething", "repairing tooth cavities", "stabilizing teeth loosening" and "regenerating teeth". Some claims are blurred with drugs and medical devices, which seriously mislead consumers and bring great security risks to their health. In order to solve the problems of false and exaggerated claims, the Measures learn from the management experience of other countries (regions), and strengthen the management of efficacy claims by implementing the main responsibility of enterprises and strengthening social co-governance. The "Measures" stipulate that the efficacy claims of toothpaste should have sufficient scientific basis. Toothpaste filers shall, at the time of filing, publish the abstracts of documents, research data or product efficacy evaluation data on which efficacy claims are based, and accept social supervision. The efficacy claim evaluation of toothpaste shall conform to the relevant requirements of laws, regulations, mandatory national standards, technical specifications and quality, safety and efficacy claim evaluation stipulated by National Medical Products Administration, so as to ensure the scientificity, accuracy and reliability of efficacy claim evaluation results.

(Headquarters CCTV reporter Yu Jingying)

Does health care and whitening also cure all diseases? Vitamin c means: refuse to kill.

  Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for us to keep healthy. From the needs of the body to whitening health care, the function of vitamin C has also been spread more and more "powerful". Because of its antioxidant effect, vitamin C is highly expected in whitening. In daily life, we often think that oral ulcers and gingival bleeding are caused by lack of vitamin C; Even the barbs on the hands are related to vitamin C deficiency. Is this really the case?

  Oral ulcers and bleeding gums are caused by lack of vitamin C; If you love long barbs on your hands, you should eat more vitamin C… … Do you often hear such advice in your life? Many people regard vitamin C as a panacea for all diseases. Is vitamin C really so "divine"? Some people even think that even if you can’t cure the disease, it’s always harmless to supplement a little more vitamin C. Is this really the case?

  Myth 1: Eating a lot of vitamin C can turn white.

  Everyone has a love of beauty. As the saying goes, one white covers a hundred ugliness. No, because vitamin C has antioxidant effect, many beauty lovers regard it as a good whitening product and take it in large quantities. Some people think it has whitening effect, while others say it has little effect. What is the truth?

  In this regard, Li Heng, director of the Dermatology Department of Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, said in an interview with the Science and Technology Daily reporter that vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, has the nature of acid and strong reducibility, and is an antioxidant. As we know, the root of skin blackening is melanosis, and melanin is secreted by dopa. When dopa secretes melanin, dopa must be converted into baquinone, and the role of vitamin C can reduce baquinone into dopa and prevent the generation of melanin. According to this mechanism, vitamin C has whitening effect. In addition, because vitamin C has antioxidant effect, it can promote the formation of collagen, rejuvenate the skin, thus delaying the aging of the skin and indirectly whitening the skin.

  "But it doesn’t mean that the more you eat, the better. It has dosage requirements. If you take a large amount of vitamin C for a long time, it will hurt your body, because vitamin C is acidic, making the urine acidic, and it is easy to form urinary calcium oxalate stones and kidney calculi in the body. " Li Heng stressed that at the same time, high-dose vitamin C can resist the anticoagulant effect of heparin and dicoumarin, leading to thrombosis, which makes patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases more prone to cerebral infarction (stroke); Vitamin C and food containing vitamin B12 can be ingested at the same time, which can destroy a considerable amount of vitamin B12, and after a large amount of vitamin B12 is destroyed, people are prone to anemia.

  Ruan Guangfeng, director of the Science and Technology Department of the Food and Nutrition Information Exchange Center, said that some people say that vitamin C has good antioxidant activity and can inhibit tyrosine from being activated, so that tyrosine will not become melanin and can play a whitening role. There is some truth in this statement, but there is actually no particularly sufficient evidence.

  "However, vitamin C is the synthetic raw material of collagen that makes up the skin, which is good for the skin. Therefore, it can be considered that vitamin C supplementation may be beneficial to the skin, but the whitening effect may not be as effective as expected. " Yan Guangfeng said.

  Myth 2: Oral ulcer and gingival bleeding are caused by lack of vitamin C.

  In life, gum bleeding is almost encountered by everyone. In the case of fatigue and irregular life, gum bleeding often occurs when brushing your teeth. Some people think that bleeding gums are a sign of a lack of certain vitamins. Is it true or not?

  On this issue, a dentist interviewed by a reporter from Science and Technology Daily said that although a long-term serious lack of vitamin C will indeed lead to gingival bleeding and redness (the "scurvy" that sailors suffered from in the past was the reason), unless they don’t eat foods containing vitamin C such as vegetables, fruits and milk for two or three months in a row, except for a few people who are caused by systemic diseases such as blood diseases, most gingival bleeding is the manifestation of gingivitis.

  Vitamin C is an acidic organic substance with anti-bleeding effect. When the human body is seriously deficient in it, it will lead to gum bleeding. However, all gingival bleeding cannot be completely attributed to vitamin C deficiency. Modern medicine believes that recurrent oral ulcers are closely related to the immune system at first. Some patients show immune deficiency, while others show autoimmune reaction. Due to various factors, the normal immune system of human body produces immune response to its own tissue antigen, which causes the destruction of tissue and causes the disease. Furthermore, oral ulcer may be related to some diseases or symptoms, such as gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer caused by digestive system diseases. In addition, anemia, partial eclipse, indigestion, mental stress and high work pressure often cause frequent attacks of oral ulcer.

  Misunderstanding 3 lack of vitamin c fingers will grow barbed

  In winter, some people are prone to grow barbs on their hands. Many people think that this is because of the lack of vitamin C. Just eat more fruits. Is this really the case?

  "Finger barbs have nothing to do with vitamin C deficiency." Li Heng said that the long barbs of fingers are keratinized protrusions around nails, and many people will pull them off by themselves. After pulling them off, there will be keratin defects in some areas, accompanied by pain. The main reason for barbs is that the skin is dry, and the keratin skin will become warped when it is dry. At this time, barbs will be formed; Bad eating habits, malnutrition caused by trace element deficiency, picky eaters or partial eclipse are also easy to form barbs; Tearing is an irregular injury, and the incorrect tearing method will lead to local skin damage, but it is easier to form barbs.

  It can be seen from the above that the formation of barbs is not closely related to vitamin C. Li Heng suggested that after the barb appears, it must not be pulled off, and it should be cut off regularly with nail clippers, which can reduce the damage to the skin. At the same time, attention should be paid to applying hand cream to moisturize the skin in time to keep the local skin moist.

  Shu Chang, a resident of dermatology department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, said that finger barbs are usually not related to vitamin deficiency, but are caused by physical friction or excessive hand washing. The finger barb is called perionychial barb, and the perionychial skin where the perionychial barb is located is slightly different from other skin of the hand. This part of the skin lacks hair follicles, dermatoglyphics and sebaceous glands, and is very thin, which often causes various inflammations, chemical stimuli and allergic reactions. The formation of perinail barbs is mainly due to the separation of cuticle because it is too dry. The stratum corneum is the surface layer of thin dead skin and the first barrier of the skin. There is a layer of sebum on the surface of the stratum corneum, which is a natural moisturizing agent, which can reduce the evaporation of water in the stratum corneum, ensure its proper water content, and make the stratum corneum closely adhere to the underlying skin.

  The sebum on the skin surface is removed by soap, detergent or physical friction, which will lead to the loss of protection of the stratum corneum and the drying and peeling of the stratum corneum due to excessive evaporation of water. It can be seen that long barbs have nothing to do with vitamin C.

  Myth 4: Synthetic vitamin C is not as good as natural vitamin C.

  "It’s a three-point poison of medicine" and "synthetic is certainly not as good as natural". People who have bought vitamin C often hear such remarks, so they often spend a lot of money to buy "natural" vitamin C, and manufacturers produce vitamin C products with different flavors and claim that their effects are different. Is there really such a big gap between these products?

  Indeed, when you go to the drugstore, you will find that the price of vitamin C ranges from several yuan to hundreds of yuan, and the styles are also varied, including effervescent tablets, chewable tablets and buccal tablets. In this regard, some experts pointed out that the hospital’s two dollars of vitamin C is generally pure vitamin C, which is purely from the perspective of supplementing vitamin C and is a medicine; Most of what pharmacies buy are health care products, which are different from medicines in terms of purification process and added auxiliary materials, which also leads to the price difference. But in the final analysis, under the premise of the same content of vitamin C, there is no difference in efficacy between medicinal vitamin C and health care product vitamin C.

  "There is no obvious difference in vitamin C. Fresh fruits and vegetables contain a lot of vitamin C. There is no need to supplement them specially, and they don’t have to eat them every day. Eating too much is not good for the human body." Li Heng said. (Reporter Fu Lili)

2017 China Economic Annual Report Card: Consumption Pulls to Open a New Engine

  According to statistics from the National Bureau of Statistics, the total retail sales of consumer goods in China reached 36.6 trillion yuan in 2017, a net increase of 3.4 trillion yuan over 2016 and a year-on-year increase of 10.2%. This is the 14th consecutive year that the total retail sales of social consumer goods has achieved double-digit growth, and final consumption continues to play a fundamental role in stimulating economic growth.

  In 2017, the contribution rate of China’s final consumption expenditure to economic growth was 58.8%, down 7.7 percentage points from the previous year. This is mainly because the contribution rate of net exports of goods and services in 2017 increased by 18.7 percentage points over the previous year, and the driving force for economic growth increased significantly.

  However, although the contribution rate has declined, the position of final consumption expenditure as the main driving force for economic growth has not changed. From 2013 to 2017, the average annual contribution rate of final consumption expenditure to economic growth was 56.2%, the average annual contribution rate of total capital formation was 43.8%, and the average annual contribution rate of net exports of goods and services was almost zero.

  While consumption is growing steadily, the transformation and upgrading of retail formats is also more obvious. Emerging formats have maintained rapid growth, and the innovation and transformation of traditional physical retail industry has achieved outstanding results, showing a trend of online and offline integration. Online retail continued to grow rapidly on the basis of the high growth rate of last year. In 2017, the national online retail sales reached 7,175.1 billion yuan, an increase of 32.2%. In addition, the operating performance of 5,000 key retail enterprises monitored by the Ministry of Commerce showed a continuous upward trend, with annual sales increasing by 4.7% year-on-year, 0.3 and 0.7 percentage points faster than the first half of the year and the previous year respectively.

  At the same time, at present, China’s supermarkets, department stores and other retail formats rely on new technologies such as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and mobile Internet, and constantly improve the logistics distribution system, which is deeply integrated with e-commerce platforms, and a new retail format that pays more attention to consumer experience and integrates catering, shopping, entertainment, leisure and other functions has emerged.

  In 2017, China’s Engel coefficient was 29.3%, down 0.8 percentage points from 2016 and 3.7 percentage points from 2012. The consumption structure of residents continued to improve, and consumers’ demand for high-quality and personalized goods continued to increase, which led to the rapid growth of consumption upgrading products. In 2017, the production and sales of household appliances and cosmetics, communication equipment and new energy vehicles, including units above designated size, all increased significantly. Catering, entertainment, cultural leisure and healthy old-age consumption continued to flourish, while shared consumption and experiential consumption developed rapidly. The number of tourists and tourism revenue also increased rapidly.

  In addition, the stability of consumer prices, the accelerated growth of residents’ income and the improvement of the imbalance in the consumer market have also laid the foundation for further exploring the consumption potential. From the price point of view, in 2017, the national consumer price rose by 1.6% year-on-year, and the growth rate narrowed by 0.5 percentage points compared with the same period of last year. In terms of residents’ income, in 2017, the per capita disposable income of the national residents was 25,974 yuan, a real increase of 7.3% over the previous year, and the actual growth rate was 0.4 and 1.0 percentage points faster than GDP and GDP per capita respectively. At the same time, with the rapid growth of rural residents’ income and the continuous promotion of policies such as precision poverty alleviation and e-commerce into rural areas, the retail sales of consumer goods in rural areas reached 5.2 trillion yuan, up 11.8% year-on-year. Consumption in the central and western regions continued to lead, and the annual sales of key retail enterprises in the western region were 0.5 and 0.4 percentage points higher than those in the eastern and central regions respectively.

  At present, as China’s economy has gradually entered the stage of high-quality development, China’s consumption has also entered a new stage of development with diversified demand, continuous expansion of scale and structural optimization and upgrading. This requires us to focus on the contradiction between the obvious increase in consumer demand, diversified development and unbalanced and insufficient market supply, create a better consumption environment, cultivate new growth points in the fields of high-end consumption, green and low-carbon, sharing economy, modern supply chain and human capital services, release the potential of consumer demand, and continue to play its basic role in economic growth.

The 50th anniversary of the release of Abbey Road, returning to the Beatles’ fanaticism.

Original: MagnumPhotos magnum photos

Commemorating the 50th anniversary of the publication of Abbey Road

The Beatles in EMI Recording Studio (later Abbey Road Recording Studio). They have produced many classic singles here and are reading the script of One Night’s Revelry.

London, England, 1964

? David Hurn | Magnum Photos

In the era when the Beatles were the most popular, who didn’t think about what it would be like to keep "mop head"?

John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr have also been asked this question countless times, and they always replied jokingly, "What if we don’t leave Mop Top?"

The Beatles during the filming of One Night’s Revelry. This film focuses on the life of the band, mainly shooting on a running train.

London, England, 1964

? David Hurn | Magnum Photos

And what about those who recorded the Beatles in their heyday? On the 50th anniversary of the release of the band’s last album, Abbey Road, photographers who had close contact with the quartet recalled the past, which also allowed us to know some interesting inside stories of the band in its popular era.

The Beatles’ first concert at the Imperial Theatre.

Liverpool, England, 1963

? Philip Jones Griffiths | Magnum Photos

In 1963, Philip Jones-Griffiths, a Magnum photographer, went backstage to shoot the Beatles’ concert at the Royal Theatre in Liverpool, just before the four became household names.

Although the photographer rarely talked about the story of his contact with the band when he was alive, his works are enough to tell everything, especially the one that took Ringo’s signature in underwear.

The Beatles.

England, 1963

? Philip Jones Griffiths | Magnum Photos

In 1950s and 1960s, this Welsh photographer recorded the life of the working class in his hometown of Radland, denbighshire and Liverpool. In 2008, before the publication of his solo album Recollections, he said, "(Liverpool) is a place for me to broaden my horizons, let me go out of the country and experience the outside world. I was enlightened and educated here and began to get in touch with multiculturalism. This bustling port city has become my favorite! "

The Beatles’ first concert at the Imperial Theatre.

Liverpool, England, 1963

? Philip Jones Griffiths | Magnum Photos

After that, Jones Griffith went to Vietnam to record the war and used his works to change the American people’s views on this conflict. His works were uncompromising, and Bresson compared them to Goya’s war-themed prints.

By contrast, his meeting with the Beatles was relaxed and pleasant. "I spent most of my time in the dressing room, trying to get to know them," he later recalled. "The most wonderful thing was the letters from female fans, which shocked the whole band. Members commented,’ How do they know these things!’ "

The early Beatles.

England, 1963

? Philip Jones Griffiths | Magnum Photos

When Jones Griffith met the Beatles, they were United and tacit, and their career had just started in Hamburg, Germany. And when another Magnum photographer, David Hurn, started shooting bands in 1964, a year later, their charm had swept the world.

The Beatles during the filming of One Night’s Revelry. The side of the railway track was crowded with fans, and everyone hoped to see the four people when the train passed by that day. The police are maintaining order.

London, England, 1964

? David Hurn | Magnum Photos

In 1959, Hearn collaborated with director Richard Lester to film The Running, Jumping & Standing Still Film starring Peter Sellers. So during the production of A Hard Day’s Night, Hearn was invited to shoot on the set.

The Beatles during the filming of One Night’s Revelry. Paul, George and Ringo are having a rest and eating. Thousands of fans are waiting along the route.

London, England, 1964

? David Hurn | Magnum Photos

In a telephone interview from his home in Wales, he said: "The consensus reached between Lester and me is that although I often go to the set, I will not be like an ordinary still photographer. I am more interested in the relationship between fans and bands, so most of the photos taken are their responses to fans. "

Shooting began in early March 1964 and ended at the end of April. Halfway through the progress, "Beatlemania" reached its peak, and the top five on the Billboard charts in the United States were swept by bands at the same time, which is an unprecedented record.

The Beatles during the filming of One Night’s Revelry. This film focuses on the life of the band, mainly shooting on a running train. The fans recognized paul mccartney.

London, England, 1964

? David Hurn | Magnum Photos

It can be said that Hearn conducted this visual research on fan culture at the best time. The photographer said, "They are the most influential band in history, and I suspect their fans are also the most absurd and fanatical. The members couldn’t move a step. On several occasions, they were in my car, and the police had to let them go directly at the red light, because they knew that once the car stopped, it would be surrounded. This has a great impact on the four young people, and all kinds of unexpected things can happen. "

Fans stared at Ringo Starr, while the Beatles were filming A Hard Days Night, which was mainly shot on a moving train.

London, England, 1964

? David Hurn | Magnum Photos

When the band faced this special "imprisonment" situation, Hearn was able to get to know them better. As screaming fans were kept out of the police line, members had to turn to secular entertainment to relieve their boring life. "What we used to do together included playing Monopoly," Hearn laughed. "My great regret is that I didn’t record these pictures, because I wanted to win the game so much that I didn’t even think of taking pictures with my camera!"

The picture of the quartet sitting around the piano in EMI Recording Studio (renamed Abbey Road Recording Studio a few years later) was also captured by Hearn, who thought this photo was worth collecting and truly described the natural state of the four people getting along.

The Beatles in EMI Recording Studio (later Abbey Road Recording Studio). They have produced many classic singles here and are reading the script of One Night’s Revelry.

London, England, 1964

? David Hurn | Magnum Photos

"In my opinion-this is entirely a personal opinion-I’m not sure that their relationship is as good as it looks," the photographer said frankly. "This is because they seldom get together. You know, the kind that has no activities at night and goes to dinner together. Generally, people see four people posing together. Photographers sent by other newspapers will ask them to pose for photos together or make faces. I’m not interested in posing at all; To a certain extent, I think this is anti-photography. "

You know, as early as 1964, the relationship between Lennon and McCartney was already very complicated. "I’m not sure whether John and Paul like each other," Hearn said. "There is fierce competition between them, which makes them great creators. They also inspire each other, but I have never felt the state of friends in four people. "

The Beatles during the filming of One Night’s Revelry. During the filming break, media reporters and fans gathered around Ringo Starr on the platform.

London, England, 1964

? David Hurn | Magnum Photos

In private, Hearn and Ringo get along best, and they once spent a Christmas together. The photographer thinks that this drummer is the most down-to-earth and the least competitive among the four people. "george harrison wants to be the best guitarist in the world. He made great efforts and went to India to learn all kinds of things. Paul and John write songs. They are always competing with each other. Ringo is the one who was left out. I like him very much. "

The Beatles at the Piper Dance Club concert.

Rome, Italy, 1965

? Ferdinando Scianna | Magnum Photos

Almost no country can be immune to the charm of the Beatles beat. In June 1965, when Magnum photographer Ferdinando Scianna was shooting a band at Teatro Adriano in Rome, people’s enthusiasm for "The Beatles with Long Hair" left this Magnum photographer with a lifelong psychological shadow.

Ringo Starr, a Beatle at Piper Dance Club concert.

Rome, Italy, 1965

? Ferdinando Scianna | Magnum Photos

"It made me exhausted and disappointed …" Scianna told The Huffington Post in 2014. "In all the chaos, you couldn’t even hear the music, and the scene sounded worse than I expected. I was extremely nervous at the time, just like being bitten by a snake. Since then, I have hardly been to other rock concerts. "

John Lennon, a Beatle at Piper Dance Club concert.

Rome, Italy, 1965

? Ferdinando Scianna | Magnum Photos

In 1968, Lennon and McCartney announced the establishment of Apple Records at the Beatles press conference in new york, when photographer Elliott Landy went to shoot (some of his archival works are now represented by magnum photos). Although the scene at that time was not so chaotic, photographers still needed to seize the position.

"It was a scuffle," Randy said in a telephone interview from Woodstock’s home. "When I got to the scene, I could only stand anywhere. As a photographer, I never allow the need to shoot to overwhelm my manners. "

John Lennon and Paul McCortney announced the establishment of Apple Records at a press conference.

New york, USA, 1968.

? Elliott Landy | Magnum Photos

Randy said that the purpose of his photography is to capture the "essence" of a moment. "I think the most important picture is the whole scene: showing reporters and photographers shooting the Beatles and reflecting the state where Lennon and McCartney were at that time. The essence of that situation is that these two people are surrounded by many journalists and photographers, and people want to get some exclusive content from them. "

Also at this press conference, John Lennon said that the relationship between the band and Indian Maharishi Yogi was a mistake, but Randy admitted that he didn’t remember what was discussed at the scene that day: "In fact, I seldom listen to outside voices when taking pictures. All the brain power is concentrated on composition. "

John Lennon and Paul McCortney announced the establishment of Apple Records at a press conference.

New york, USA, 1968.

? Elliott Landy | Magnum Photos

Randy remembers two things vividly. First, he held a 22 mm lens over the heads of other photographers and took the picture that made him most proud: "This is a vertical composition photo with only two members. This photo is my favorite because it shows them dealing with the media. "

Another story is about another photographer, Linda Eastman, whom Randy met in Fillmore East, new york’s Lower East Side, when they were both filming live performances. "At the end of the press conference, Lennon and McCartney walked into the elevator, and she was with them," Eliot recalled with a smile. "She wasn’t taking pictures, so I remember that moment. I thought,’ Wow, that’s interesting.’ It’s surprising that she should know them. Of course, she married Paul later. "

On December 8th, John Lennon was shot five times outside his apartment in new york. Mark chapman, the shooter, was a stalker and got Lennon’s signature a few hours ago. Chapman is still serving his sentence in prison. A few days later, on December 14th, people gathered in Central Park to pray and mourn, and this photo was taken at that time. This place is now called "strawberry fields", just opposite the Dakota Building where Lennon lived before his death. 1980

? Philip Jones Griffiths | Magnum Photos

Raymond Depardon, a French photographer and documentary producer from Magnum, never filmed the Beatles himself, but when John Lennon was assassinated in 1980, he happened to be in new york. In the short film "10 Minutes of Silence for John Lennon" (10 Minutes of Silence for John Lennon), he captured the scene that fans gathered in Central Park for a vigil.

Shortly after the filming was finished, Depadon said, "I happened to be in new york, and I heard the news of John Lennon’s assassination. What a coincidence." He has seen the announcements of the next mourning activities all around him, so he took a camera with a microphone and walked to the park, wandering in the crowd, away from the swarming media. The short film itself is restrained and quiet, but it is not lifeless silence; There was background noise and the police helicopter circled overhead. "I photographed everything around me; People on the ground are crying, and a whole generation is moved by his music. "

After a long silence, the crowd cheered spontaneously "People stood up and dried their tears, and then we heard Lennon’s music," said Depadong. "It was a postcard-like moment. A photographic freeze. "

Ten Minutes of Silence for John Lennon

? Raymond Depardon | Magnum Photos

Magnum photos, transmit the power of images and tell true stories.
Official Weibo WeChat: MagnumPhotos
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Summary of China’s Intangible Heritage Protection since the 18th CPC National Congress

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China’s intangible cultural heritage protection has gone through a remarkable and crucial five-year development process. Cultural administrative departments at all levels thoroughly implemented the spirit of a series of important speeches by the Supreme Leader General Secretary on the inheritance and development of Chinese excellent traditional culture, implemented the relevant requirements of the Opinions on Implementing the Inheritance and Development Project of Chinese Excellent Traditional Culture issued by the Central Office and the State Council, and actively promoted the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage in accordance with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Intangible Cultural Heritage Law (hereinafter referred to as the "Intangible Cultural Heritage Law"), promoted the creative transformation and innovative development of Chinese excellent traditional culture, and continuously enhanced the vitality and influence of intangible cultural heritage, with remarkable results.

Deepen the concept of protection and consolidate the achievements of protection

In the past five years, the protection of intangible cultural heritage has taken a big step from the basic work stage of "rescue and protection, establishing rules and regulations" to the deep development stage of "consolidating the achievements of rescue and protection and improving the level of protection and inheritance".

Since Kunqu Opera was selected as UNESCO’s "representative work of oral and intangible heritage of mankind" in 2001, the government-led protection of intangible heritage in China has gone through 16 years. For more than 10 years, under the great attention of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and through the joint efforts of cultural administrative departments at all levels and all walks of life, China’s intangible cultural heritage protection has made remarkable achievements. From 2005 to 2009, China launched the first large-scale nationwide intangible cultural heritage survey, and the total number of intangible cultural heritage resources was nearly 870,000, which comprehensively understood and mastered the types, quantity, distribution, survival and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage resources in various regions and ethnic groups. On this basis, China has established a national, provincial, municipal and county-level intangible cultural heritage list system. Up to now, the State Council has approved the publication of four batches of 1372 national representative projects, and all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities have approved the publication of 13087 provincial representative projects. The Ministry of Culture named four batches of 1986 national representative inheritors, and 14928 provincial representative inheritors were named by provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. In order to strengthen the overall regional protection of intangible cultural heritage and its breeding and development environment, since the establishment of the Minnan Cultural and Ecological Protection Experimental Zone in 2007, China has successively set up 21 national-level cultural and ecological protection experimental zones (hereinafter referred to as "ecological zones") in areas where intangible cultural heritage projects are concentrated, distinctive features and contents and forms remain intact, and strived to promote each ecological zone to become an area with rich heritage, strong atmosphere, distinctive features and benefits for the people.

With the formal promulgation and implementation of the Intangible Heritage Law in 2011, the legal system and working mechanism of intangible heritage protection in China are becoming more and more perfect. Twenty-six provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities across the country have promulgated regulations on the protection of intangible cultural heritage; The state has set up a special fund for the protection of intangible cultural heritage; Non-legacy offices and non-legacy protection centers have been established in various places. From the rescue and protection to the establishment of regulations, many "China experiences" have been recognized by the international community in the practice of intangible cultural heritage protection for more than 10 years.

In the past five years, the Ministry of Culture has continuously improved the top-level design and standardized the work flow, and the working mechanism focusing on protecting the inheritance practice, ability and environment has been continuously improved, and the specific work has been carried out in a more in-depth and detailed manner. For example, the system norms on the protection and management of non-legacy representative projects, the identification and management of representative inheritors, the management of special funds, and the construction and management of cultural and ecological protection zones have been further improved; Actively explore the establishment of performance evaluation system for key projects, key work and non-legacy protection projects; Study and formulate protection, inheritance and revitalization plans in different categories.

The concept of intangible cultural heritage protection has also been deepened. In recent years, the Ministry of Culture has emphasized three concepts: first, the concept of protection in improvement. The key to intangible cultural heritage protection is inheritance. Only by constantly improving the level of inheritance can we enhance the expressive force and attractiveness of intangible heritage, maintain and expand the space for its survival and development, encourage and attract more people to join the ranks of inheritance, and realize sustainable intangible heritage protection. The second is the idea of non-legacy entering modern life. Intangible heritage is the cultural imprint of a nation and the way of life of a nation and a region. Intangible Cultural Heritage is the practice of live transmission with people as the core and life as the carrier. Non-legacy lives in life, and it is necessary to promote non-legacy to be more fully integrated into contemporary people’s lives on the basis of adhering to tradition and not losing its roots, so that non-legacy can be passed down in the daily lives of thousands of families. The third is the ecological protection concept of seeing people, things and life. In the process of ecological zone construction and traditional village protection with the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of Culture requires that intangible cultural heritage projects be protected together with the humanistic environment that they have nurtured and nourished; It is required to preserve the aborigines in the transformation of ancient villages and old streets, protect the lifestyle of aborigines, avoid traditional villages and old streets becoming hollow sites with only buildings and shops without aborigines, and avoid inheriting the environment and soil without loss.

The level of protection and inheritance has jumped to a new level.

Improving the development level of non-genetic inheritance is an important way and an inevitable choice to strengthen cultural self-confidence and build a strong cultural country.

In the past five years, the central government has invested a total of 4.6 billion yuan in intangible cultural heritage protection, and the central budget has allocated 1.1 billion yuan to build 153 intangible cultural heritage protection and utilization facilities, and the subsidy for national representative inheritors has been increased from 10,000 yuan to 20,000 yuan per year. The local finance has invested a total of 3.9 billion yuan. Except for Heilongjiang and Jilin, all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities have set up a subsidy ranging from 3,000 yuan to 20,000 yuan for the representative inheritors at this level. A large number of representative projects have been effectively protected and the vitality of inheritance has been greatly improved; The inheritance conditions of representative inheritors have been significantly improved, and their social status has been continuously improved.

In the past five years, the Ministry of Culture has fully realized that in the current historical background, we must strive to maintain the conditions for the continuation of intangible heritage, and at the same time take correctly responding to environmental changes and realizing the sustainable development of intangible heritage as the priority direction of policy research and formulation, and take improving the ability of inheritance and practice as the top priority.

After in-depth research, in 2015, the Ministry of Culture, together with the Ministry of Education, launched a training program for non-genetic inheritors in China to provide academic and teaching resources support for non-genetic inheritors. Up to now, 78 colleges and universities across the country have held more than 280 training courses, and with extended training, a total of more than 40 thousand people have been trained. Through the practice of research and training, non-genetic inheritors and practitioners not only have increased their knowledge, broadened their horizons and improved their skills, but also have a deeper understanding of the cultural connotation of their projects and a stronger confidence in the value and potential of their own skills. Moreover, they have promoted the interaction between universities and communities, which is of great significance for enriching academic accumulation, improving the level of discipline and professional construction, strengthening the education of excellent traditional culture, and enhancing the ability of cultural inheritance and innovation.

Since 2016, according to the requirements of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee and the Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, the Ministry of Culture has taken the lead in researching and formulating the China Traditional Craft Revitalization Plan. In March this year, the General Office of the State Council forwarded this plan. In the process of drafting the plan, the Ministry of Culture actively explored effective measures to revitalize traditional crafts, supported relevant enterprises, colleges and institutions to set up traditional craft workstations in Hami, Xinjiang, Xiangxi, Hunan, Leishan, Guizhou, Guoluo, Qinghai, Huangshan, Shanxi, Xinzhou and Dongyang, Zhejiang, and helped local traditional craft enterprises and practitioners to restore and promote excellent crafts, explore national elements and develop rich national and regional characteristics on the basis of respecting local culture, national traditions and craftsmen. At present, enterprises stationed in Hami, Xiangxi and Leishan Workstations have developed hundreds of new products using local ethnic elements together with local craftsmen. The increase in orders has led to an increase in the income of craftsmen, and the inheritance team of traditional crafts in these places has expanded, and young people have begun to join. Some traditional skills projects have been revived by increasing income and expanding employment.

Constructing the record of cultural ecological development

The construction of cultural and ecological protection zone is a regional overall protection mode to adapt to the rheological and holistic characteristics of intangible cultural heritage. Paying attention to holistic protection is one of the distinctive features of the "China experience" of intangible cultural heritage protection. Up to now, 21 ecological zones have been announced, involving 17 provinces and regions such as Fujian, Anhui, Jiangxi, Qinghai and Sichuan. Referring to the concept and practice of ecological zones, provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities have also set up 146 provincial-level cultural and ecological protection zones with distinctive features.

In the past five years, in order to further clarify the direction and path of ecological zone construction, the Ministry of Culture has put forward the working concept of "seeing people, seeing things and seeing life" and the construction goal of building an ecological zone with rich heritage, strong atmosphere, distinctive features and benefiting the people.

The Ministry of Culture emphasizes that in the construction of ecological zone, we should focus on highlighting the main position of non-genetic inheritors and local residents, highlighting the bearing role of communities, paying attention to atmosphere construction, enhancing people’s sense of acquisition and cultivating unique characteristics. The main body responsible for the construction of ecological zone is the local government, the community where the intangible cultural heritage project is located and the people who inherit it. Local governments should take the initiative to assume the responsibility and obligation of protection. They should not only report the construction situation to the Ministry of Culture, but also regularly solicit opinions from all walks of life in the region, conduct self-evaluation and third-party evaluation, and announce the evaluation results to the public.

In the past five years, the Ministry of Culture has continuously strengthened its guidance on the work of ecological areas. On the one hand, it has guided the ecological areas to make a good overall plan, requiring each ecological area to identify its own characteristics and form its own characteristics, on the other hand, it has taken targeted support measures. Up to now, the overall planning of 16 of the 21 ecological zones has passed the demonstration and approval, and is being implemented; The master plans of two ecological zones are being compiled, and the master plans of three ecological zones are being compiled.

From 2011 to 2015, the Ministry of Culture supported the construction of 151 non-legacy comprehensive learning centers through the central finance; In 2016, the central government allocated 23.9 million yuan to support the construction and operation of 62 non-genetic learning centers in 18 national ecological zones, and arranged 25.2 million yuan to add 287 non-genetic learning points in ecological zones; In 2017, we will continue to support the ecological zone to carry out overall protection and universal education.

The work of intangible cultural heritage records is also a basic work for the protection of intangible cultural heritage. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Ministry of Culture has carried out the intangible cultural heritage records on the basis of previous investigation records, and gradually summed up the experience and expanded and established the intangible cultural heritage records project.

In order to effectively promote the rescue record work, since 2013, the Ministry of Culture has selected 50 representative inheritors across the country to carry out rescue record pilot projects, and started to organize the drafting and formulation of relevant business standards and technical specifications, which provided a scientific basis for comprehensive roll-out. In April, 2015, the Ministry of Culture issued the Notice on Carrying out the Rescue Recording Work of Representative Inheritors of National Intangible Cultural Heritage, and started the recording work of 300 national representative inheritors who are over 70 years old and under 70 years old but are sickly, and implemented it step by step year, so as to fully complete the rescue recording work of national representative inheritors during the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period. Up to now, the central government has supported 839 national representative inheritors to carry out rescue records, and the unique skills and cultural memories carried by a group of representative inheritors have been recorded and preserved.

On the basis of the rescue records of national representative inheritors, the Ministry of Culture listed the intangible record project in the "Cultural Development and Reform Plan of the Ministry of Culture during the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan", and made a comprehensive, true and systematic record of the content, expression, evolution process, core skills and inheritance practice of intangible representative projects. At present, the Ministry of Culture is studying and formulating the overall plan of the intangible recording project, and determining the recording content, implementation steps, achievement forms, performance evaluation and sustainable mechanism of the intangible recording project.

Open up the pattern of modern non-genetic broadcasting

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that it is necessary to make the most basic cultural genes of the Chinese nation adapt to contemporary culture and coordinate with modern society, spread them in a way that people like to see and hear and have extensive participation, carry forward the cultural spirit that spans time and space, spans the country, is full of eternal charm and has contemporary value, and spread the cultural innovation achievements of contemporary China that inherit excellent traditional culture and carry forward the spirit of the times, and is based on its own country and faces the world.

Over the past five years, as a representative of Chinese excellent traditional culture, Intangible Cultural Heritage has emerged in various international major events and conferences, and has become a beautiful business card for spreading Chinese culture. Various types of non-legacy exhibitions and live experience booths are often regarded as the "leading" cultural activities in international cultural exchange activities, and the wonderful non-legacy performances are full of praise from the representatives of various countries who come to the conference. In the process of Chinese culture going abroad, non-legacy also plays an important role. In overseas China Cultural Center, Tai Chi and calligraphy training are popular, and China traditional festivals and folk activities are widely spread.

In China, during the Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and other traditional festivals and the "Cultural and Natural Heritage Day", a variety of non-legacy publicity and exhibition activities have comprehensively demonstrated the outstanding practical achievements of the party’s non-legacy protection work since the 18th National Congress, creating an atmosphere for the whole society to inherit and develop excellent traditional culture. According to statistics, in the past five years, 320,000 exhibitions of intangible cultural heritage have been held nationwide, with 540 million people participating. China Chengdu International Intangible Cultural Heritage Festival has been held for 6 times in 10 consecutive years, and China Intangible Cultural Heritage Expo has been held for 4 times in 8 consecutive years, with a variety of exhibitions, academic discussions and skill competitions, showing the intangible vitality and creativity. Extensive non-legacy community activities have improved the people’s sense of identity and participation in the protection of non-legacy and enhanced the motivation of inheritance practice. During the "Cultural and Natural Heritage Day" this year, the "splendid china-China Intangible Cultural Heritage Dress Show" held in Beijing Gongwangfu Museum attracted extensive media attention and reports. According to public opinion, in such non-genetic broadcasting activities of spinning, dyeing, weaving and embroidery with China characteristics and China style, it is very likely that the national brand with national characteristics will be stepped out and become a powerful leader in revitalizing China’s traditional crafts.

In recent years, the Ministry of Culture has attached great importance to exploring and constructing a normalized and professional non-genetic broadcasting system. At the end of August this year, the Department of Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture and the Network News and Information Communication Bureau of the Central Network Information Office held an advanced seminar on non-genetic broadcasting, aiming at cultivating professional non-genetic broadcasting teams and promoting multi-level and multi-channel dissemination of intangible cultural heritage protection. A few days ago, a large-scale network communication activity of intangible cultural heritage, which was sponsored by the Ministry of Culture and the Central Network Information Office, was held in full swing. More than 200 media representatives from nearly 100 central news websites, local news websites and commercial websites went to Guizhou, Fujian, Shanxi and Hubei respectively. Through on-the-spot interviews and personal experiences, they reported in depth the vivid practice of non-genetic inheritance and development, and stimulated the vitality and vitality of Chinese excellent traditional culture with diversified means of communication. A vivid situation of inheriting and developing excellent traditional culture for all is taking shape. (Reporter Wang Xuesi)




Shanghai Fengxian coastal marine ecological protection and restoration project will be completed by the end of 2024.

  On the morning of June 30th, Shanghai Fengxian coastal marine ecological protection and restoration project started smoothly. This project is another marine ecological protection and restoration project supported by the central government in Shanghai after the implementation of the coastal marine ecological protection and restoration project in Shanghai in 2022, and will be completed by the end of 2024.

  General layout of the project. The pictures in this article are provided by Shanghai Water Affairs Bureau.

  The Paper learned from the Shanghai Water Affairs Bureau that the project starts from China and Hong Kong in Fengxian District in the east and reaches Huadian Ash Dam in the west, and the layout of the project is "one corridor and three districts". "One Corridor" refers to building a 17.4-kilometer coastal ecological corridor, relying on coastal ecological restoration, forming land-sea linkage and creating an open strip-shaped coastal composite ecological space; "Three areas" refers to the construction of multiple ecological service function integration area, middle and high beach habitat protection demonstration area and natural succession habitat area along the coastline from east to west, giving full play to the ecological service functions of each area, creating a bright spot for the restoration of coastal wetlands in Shanghai, and continuously improving the diversity and stability of coastal ecosystems.

  Multi-ecological service function integration area (renderings)

  It is understood that the main project indicators include 51.97 hectares of Spartina alterniflora ecological control, 4,115 meters of tidal ditch system restoration, 69 hectares of native salt marsh vegetation restoration and 6,438 meters of wave dam restoration; A total of 45 hectares of reef habitats have been built, and the ecological transformation of seawalls is 4.5 kilometers; A new coastal ecological monitoring and research station will be built, three ecosystem buoys will be deployed, a carbon flux tower will be built, ecological environment tracking and monitoring will be carried out, and supporting facilities such as popular science signs and scientific research stations will be arranged.

  Demonstration area of habitat protection in middle and high beach (effect map)

  Natural succession habitat area of beach (effect map)

  "The ecological control project of Spartina alterniflora can solve the ecological problem of serious invasion of Spartina alterniflora in the project area, and the restoration of salt marsh vegetation communities such as reeds and sea bream can further improve the habitat quality of salt marsh wetlands." Yang Dongyan, the second bid construction unit of Shanghai Fengxian Coastal Marine Ecological Protection and Restoration Project and Fengxian Project Manager of China Communications Shanghai Airlines Co., Ltd., said that the coastal zone is an important support for the green development of the city and an important barrier against natural disasters such as storm surges at sea. It plays multiple functions in biodiversity protection, shore protection and beach protection, carbon sequestration and foreign exchange enhancement.

  At the same time, the ecological problems of serious beach erosion and low health of marine biological community in the project area are solved by implementing the in-situ restoration of wave dam and the construction project of reef habitat with both ecological function and disaster reduction function. By carrying out the ecological reconstruction project of seawall, the ecological problems of blocked habitat connection inside and outside the seawall and poor land-sea coordination in the project area are solved.

Research and development of new diabetes drugs in 2022! Convolution intensified, and pharmaceutical companies joined forces to attack the 30 billion market.

China is a "big country", with more than 140 million diabetics, among whom about 72.83 million diabetics have not been diagnosed. Because diabetes requires lifelong medication, there is a huge demand for diabetes drugs in the market.

According to the Rong Yun database, the hospital sales of diabetes drugs (chemical drugs/biological drugs) in China increased from 20 billion yuan in 2014 to 34.3 billion yuan in 2021, with a compound annual growth rate of 7.99%.

Hospital sales of diabetes drugs market

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Screenshot Source: Drug Rong Yun National Hospital Sales Database

The market of diabetes drugs is 0.13 billion yuan, and the head effect is obvious.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia in clinic, but the etiology and pathogenesis have not been fully understood at present. Its therapeutic drugs can be divided into two categories: non-insulin hypoglycemic agents and insulin hypoglycemic agents, and subdivided into ten categories: biguanides, insulin and its analogues, GLP-1 receptor agonists, sulfonylureas, glinides and GKA drugs. Jost Sullivan report shows that the current antidiabetic drug market in China is mainly occupied by traditional drugs, and half of it is occupied by insulin.

According to the statistics of Rong Yun Drug Database, among the TOP10 varieties in the hospital sales of diabetes drugs in 2021, except Dapagliflozin tablets, sitagliptin phosphate tablets and liraglutide injection, the other seven varieties are all insulin and its analogues.

Insulin aspart 30 injection and insulin glargine injection topped the list with sales exceeding 3 billion yuan.

TOP10 varieties of in-hospital sales of diabetes drugs market in 2021

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Source: Rong Yun National Hospital Sales Database.

The new diabetes drugs listed in 2022 are remarkable.

Compared with 2021, Hengrui Pharma’s Henggliclazide, Microchip’s Sigliclazide, Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharmaceutical’s Tegliclazide and many other new drugs were approved in China one after another. This year, fewer new diabetes drugs were approved, but all of them were remarkable and very eye-catching.

Hualing Medicine:Dogleetin tablets

On October 8, dorzagliatin, the first in class hypoglycemic agent of Hualing Medicine, was officially approved by NMPA for listing, with the trade name of Huatangning. Two indications of Huatangning were approved at one time, namely, using metformin alone to treat patients with type 2 diabetes who have not been treated with drugs, and using metformin alone in combination with metformin to treat adults with type 2 diabetes when blood sugar control is not good.

This is the world’s first approved GKA,Glucokinase Activator (GKA), the first original new drug with a brand-new mechanism in the field of diabetes in the past decade, and the first new drug for type 2 diabetes in the world launched in China for the first time. As a GKA drug, Dogleetin can restore the blood glucose homeostasis of patients with type 2 diabetes by restoring the function of glucose kinase (GK), and achieve the purpose of treating type 2 diabetes.

Lilly:Tirzepatide; tirzepatide

In May, 2022, FDA approved the listing of tirzepatide (trade name: Mounjaro), a dual agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide -1(GLP-1) receptor from Lilly. This drug is the first GLP-1R dual-target hypoglycemic drug for treating type 2 diabetes, and it is only injected once a week to assist diet and exercise, so as to improve the blood sugar control of adults with type 2 diabetes.

Research and development status of tirzepatide

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Screenshot Source: Drug Rong Yun Global Drug R&D Database

In China, Lilly submitted the IND application for Telpotide Injection for the first time in April 2019, and started clinical trials in August of the same year. So far, a number of phase III clinical trials for type 2 diabetes, heart failure and obesity have been carried out; In September this year, Lilly officially submitted the marketing application of the new diabetes drug to CDE.

Tirzepatide clinical trial information (search "Medicine Rong Yun applet" for more relevant data query)

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Screenshot Source: Drug Rong Yun China Clinical Trial Database

The research and development market of diabetes drugs has intensified, pending the inventory of new drugs by listed stars.

Under the policy of normalization of quantity procurement and consistency evaluation, the competition in the domestic diabetes generic drug market is gradually becoming fierce, and at the same time, it also forces domestic enterprises to move from generic drugs to Fast-follow and First-in-class.

The research and development of pharmaceutical companies has been accelerated, and many pharmaceutical companies have gathered together hot targets to compete for involution. At present, a number of new diabetes drugs have entered the phase III clinical stage, and some products have submitted listing applications in China. 

Newly declared new diabetes drugs in China

Up to now, in addition to the telpotide mentioned above, there are several new diabetes drugs that have been submitted for marketing in the domestic diabetes drug market, which are worthy of attention.

Sihuan medicine:Jiaglinide tablets

On February 28th, the application for the listing of Jiagelijing tablets, a new drug of Sihuan Medicine, was accepted by CDE. This is a glucose sodium cotransporter 2(SGLT-2) inhibitor independently developed by Sihuan Medicine for the treatment of diabetes, which has been patented in China, the United States, Europe, Japan and South Korea for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. If approved for marketing, it will become the second SGLT-2 inhibitor drug independently developed by China after Hengrui Proline Hengglinide Tablets.

Novo Nordisk:Smegliptide tablets

On May 27th, Novo Nordisk’s application for the listing of Smegliptide Tablets was accepted by CDE. Smegliptide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Its injection has been approved for marketing in China, and its tablet has been approved for blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes overseas, making it the first oral GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) in the world. According to the Rong Yun database, two phase III clinical trials of Smegliptide tablets compared with placebo or sitagliptin in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes have been completed. It is speculated that the declared indication is to treat type 2 diabetes.

Clinical trials of smeagoutide tablets in China

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Screenshot Source: Drug Rong Yun China Clinical Trial Database

Hengrui Pharma:Repagliptin phosphate tablets

Repagliptin phosphate tablets in Hengrui Pharma, a DPP-4 inhibitor with similar structure to sitagliptin on the market, are also suitable for type 2 diabetes. It was submitted to the market in September 2020 and accepted. Proline Henggliclazide tablets reported at the same time were approved for marketing on the first day at the end of 2021, becoming the first SGLT-2 diabetes drug independently developed in China. Whether repaglinide can be approved before the end of 2022 is of concern.

Studying new drugs for diabetes.

Novo Nordisk:Icodec

In addition, no weekly insulin preparation products have been approved for listing in the world, and Novo Nordisk’s Icodec insulin is ahead of schedule. On October 3rd, Novo Nordisk announced the positive results of Icodec’s phase IIIa ONWARDS 5 study, and Novo Nordisk also said that it is expected to apply for regulatory approval of Icodec in the United States, the European Union and China in the first half of 2023.

Cinda Bio:Mazdutide(IBI362)

GLP-1 receptor agonists have grown rapidly in recent years, and have become the non-insulin drugs with the highest market share in the global diabetes market, among which dulaglutide, somaru peptide and liraglutide are outstanding. The multi-target agonist of GLP-1R has also become a hot competitive direction in the research and development of new drugs for diabetes.

Among them, the Mazdutide(IBI362) jointly promoted by Cinda Bio and Lilly is eye-catching. This is a GLP-1R/GCGR dual-target agonist, and its research on type 2 diabetes has reached the phase II clinical stage. On July 19th, Cinda Bio announced that a multi-center, randomized, placebo/dulaglutide-controlled phase II clinical study of IBI362 in type 2 diabetic subjects in China reached the main end point, with remarkable hypoglycemic and weight-loss effects, which can bring comprehensive benefits to patients. On October 4th, Cinda Bio announced the phase III clinical trial of IBI362 for overweight or obesity.

Dongyang Guangyao:Rong ge lie Jing

SGLT-2 target is one of the hot targets in the research and development of new drugs for diabetes in recent years. SGLT-2 inhibitors can block and reduce the reabsorption of glucose by the kidney, thus increasing glucose excretion through urination and lowering blood sugar level.

At present, among the SGLT-2 inhibitors under research, Rongglinide of Dongyangguang has made the fastest progress and has reached the clinical stage III. Tagglinide from Tianjin Institute of Medicine, Vanglinide from Fosun Pharma and Agglinide from Shanghai Alice have also entered the clinic.

A variety of clinical phase III DPP-4 inhibitors

There are many DPP-4 inhibitors in the domestic diabetes drug market, among which DBPR108 from Unacon, Fugliptin from Xinlitai, Shenggliptin from Shengshi Taike, HSK7653 from Haisike and Eugliptin from Yuandong Bio have made rapid progress, and all of them have reached the phase III clinical stage.

Zhengda Tianqing Nanjing Shunxin has laid out two models, TQ-F3083 and TQ05510, and increased the horsepower. The former is in the second clinical stage.

Both of them are DPP-4 inhibitors, and there are differences among different varieties. At present, DPP-4 inhibitors are mostly taken once a day, of which HSK7653 of Haisike Pharmaceutical is taken orally once every two weeks, and Eugliptin of Yuandong Biological and Borgliptin of Baidichang Pharmaceutical need to be taken once a week.

Finally, whether it is insulin or non-insulin diabetes drugs, we all look forward to the early listing to provide more choices for diabetic patients.

Positioning in pure electric medium and large SUV, what is the prospect of Xiaomi YU7?

In 2024, which new energy brand performed most unexpectedly? For many consumers, this answer is not asking the world, nor BYD, but Xiaomi. The first model of Xiaomi Automobile has been on the market for half a year, and the cumulative delivery has exceeded 100,000 vehicles, and it is possible to sprint 130,000 vehicles throughout the year.

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However, it is obviously impossible to rely on this car alone. Xiaomi needs to continuously expand its product lineup. Recently, Xiaomi Auto officially released the official map of Xiaomi YU7, and the pictures of the real car have also appeared in the declaration catalogue of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. So what about this car?

What kind of car is Xiaomi YU7?

The performance of Xiaomi SU7 is obvious to all, which proves that Xiaomi does have the ability to create an explosive model. Then, as the second model of Xiaomi Automobile, what kind of car is Xiaomi YU7?

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As can be seen from the official map, Xiaomi YU7 is an SUV. According to market rumors, the car’s body length is close to 5 meters and the wheelbase is 3 meters. It is a medium and large SUV. The launch of such a model proves that Xiaomi Automobile is still confident in its own strength.

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It’s not surprising that Xiaomi chose SUV for the second car. After the success of the first model, it needs to find another model with a relatively large market capacity and can enhance the brand image, and SUV is preferred by both young people and home users. It is logical to launch SUV.

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As soon as Xiaomi came up, he directly launched medium and large SUVs for many reasons. First of all, after the success of Xiaomi SU7 in the first battle, the brand image of Xiaomi Automobile has greatly improved, and it is time to hit the higher-end market; Secondly, choosing a medium and large SUV can also avoid entanglement with too many competitors in the compact and medium-sized SUV market, which is more suitable for Xiaomi, a small manufacturer who takes the boutique route.

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In terms of appearance, the new car adopts the family style established by Xiaomi SU7, and the closed front face with personalized headlights looks more imposing. It is worth mentioning that, as can be seen from the official website, the shape of this car is still relatively conventional, and there is no slip-back body, but the muscle lines on the side of the car body are still attractive.

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Coming to the rear of the car, the new car is slightly different from Xiaomi SU7, but both of them use large-size semi-enclosed light strips, and the recognition is still relatively high. However, compared with cars, the rear of Xiaomi YU7 looks more stable, which proves that Xiaomi also wants to attract more family consumers after gaining a foothold.

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In terms of size, according to the application information of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Xiaomi YU7 has a body length of 4999mm, a car width of 1996mm and a wheelbase of 3,000 mm. It adopts a five-seat layout, and will also provide 19-inch, 20-inch and 21-inch wheels.

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In terms of power, Xiaomi YU7 is a pure electric vehicle. It is expected to be equipped with a dual-motor system. The maximum power of the front motor is 220kW, and the maximum power of the rear motor is 288kW. At the same time, it will be equipped with a battery pack of Sanyuan Li. However, so far, the specific power information and cruising range of this car have not been announced.

Some conjectures about Xiaomi YU7

So far, apart from the application information of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Xiaomi YU7 doesn’t have much exact information, but this car has the blessing of Xiaomi’s strong marketing ability, so the degree of attention is very high. Let’s guess, what actions may it take?

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First, the time to market. Now it is the end of 2024. With the successful experience of Xiaomi SU7, the speed of product launch will be greatly improved. Without any accident, Xiaomi YU7 may be pre-sold at a large auto show in April 2025, and then officially listed around June. Therefore, people who want to buy this car will not wait too long.

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Secondly, the selling price. At present, Xiaomi Auto has not given the price range of Xiaomi YU7, but it is a pure electric medium and large SUV. In order to establish a high-end image, the pricing may be much higher than that of Xiaomi SU7 currently on sale. The starting price of Xiaomi SU7 is 215,900 yuan, so the starting price of Xiaomi YU7 may be more than 250,000 yuan.

According to Xiaomi’s long-standing habit, this car will be promoted according to the level of 300,000+in the early publicity stage, and then a relatively close price will be given to attract more consumers.

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The rest is the intelligent cockpit and intelligent driving. In terms of intelligent cockpit, Xiaomi is quite competitive. The cockpit of Xiaomi YU7 will be smarter than Xiaomi SU7, and the use experience will be better. In terms of intelligent driving, Xiaomi’s technology accumulation is relatively general, and it is expected that there will be no major breakthrough, but it will also be upgraded on the existing basis, so as to reach the first-class level of the same class and meet the daily needs of users.

Who are the competitors?

According to the previously officially released pictures, the reason for the naming of Xiaomi YU7 is: Y Ultra, which is stronger. However, Model Y is a medium-sized SUV, while Xiaomi YU7 is a medium-sized SUV with a body close to 5 meters, so there is not much intersection between the two cars.

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As far as the current situation is concerned, Xiaomi YU7′ s competitors are mainly domestic pure electric new energy vehicles, and the representative ones are HarmonyOS Zhixing’s and, both of them are medium and large SUVs, all of which adopt pure electric power systems, and the price range is close to Xiaomi YU7, so they belong to direct competitors.

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After the listing of Xiaomi YU7, it is expected to rewrite the market structure of domestic pure electric medium and large SUVs. From an objective point of view, this market is not easy to do, there are almost no explosive models, and many models even turn to dual-power systems, no longer focusing on pure electricity. For Xiaomi YU7, this is both an opportunity and a challenge. Pure electric system is not very popular in the high-end market, but if Xiaomi YU7 can make a breakthrough, Xiaomi’s automobile business will reach a new level.

Summary:The progress of Xiaomi Automobile has exceeded many people’s expectations, and for this reason, people have more expectations for Xiaomi YU7. Relying on China’s powerful and perfect new energy supply chain, Xiaomi should not disappoint consumers, but it will also face many challenges. So, do you think this car can be successful?

Measures for the transfer of rights and interests of toll roads

 


Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China, National Development and Reform Commission,
Decree No.11, 2008 of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of Finance



The Measures for the Transfer of Rights and Interests of Toll Roads were adopted at the 7th ministerial meeting on June 15th, 2007, and are hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of October 1st, 2008.


Minister of Transport Li Shenglin
Zhang Ping, Director of the National Development and Reform Commission
Minister of Finance Xie Xuren
August 20th, 2008



 


Measures for the transfer of rights and interests of toll roads


 


Chapter I General Principles


  the first In order to regulate the transfer of rights and interests of toll roads, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the transferor, transferee and users, and promote the development of highway undertakings, these measures are formulated in accordance with the Highway Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as the Highway Law) and the Regulations on the Administration of Toll Roads (hereinafter referred to as the Toll Regulations).
  the second The transfer of the rights and interests of toll roads within the territory of People’s Republic of China (PRC) shall abide by these measures.
  Article The meanings of the following terms in these Measures are:
  (1) Toll roads refer to roads (including bridges and tunnels) that are approved to collect vehicle tolls according to the provisions of the Highway Law and the Toll Regulations. Toll roads include government repayment roads and operating roads.
  The government loan repayment highway refers to the toll road built by the transportation department of the local people’s government at or above the county level with loans or paid funds from enterprises and individuals.
  Operating highway refers to the toll road invested and built by domestic and foreign economic organizations in accordance with the law or the toll road with the right to repay the loan from the government in accordance with the law.
  (two) the rights and interests of toll roads refer to the right to charge, the right to operate advertising and the right to operate service facilities.
  (3) The term "transfer of rights and interests of toll roads" refers to the trading activities in which the transferor transfers the legally acquired rights and interests of toll roads to the transferee for compensation after the toll roads are completed and opened to traffic.
  The transferor refers to the domestic and foreign economic organizations that transfer the legally obtained rights and interests of toll roads to the transferee for compensation according to law, including legal person organizations that specialize in the construction and management of government repayment roads for non-profit purposes and domestic and foreign economic organizations that invest in the construction and operation of operating roads.
  The transferee refers to the domestic and foreign economic organizations that have obtained the rights and interests of toll roads from the transferor in accordance with the law.
  Article 4 The state allows the transfer of the rights and interests of toll roads according to law, and strictly controls the transfer of the rights and interests of toll roads.
  On the basis of comprehensive consideration of the necessity, rationality and social endurance of the transfer, the state strictly restricts the transfer of government repayment roads into operational roads.
  The transfer of rights and interests of toll roads shall comply with the provisions of relevant laws, regulations and rules, and shall follow the principles of openness, fairness, impartiality and good faith.
  Article 5 The State Council transportation authorities are in charge of the transfer of the rights and interests of national toll roads. The development and reform department of the State Council and the competent financial department are responsible for the management of the transfer of rights and interests of toll roads according to their respective responsibilities.


 


Chapter II Conditions for Transfer of Rights and Interests of Toll Roads


  Article 6 The highway that transfers the toll right shall conform to the technical grade and scale stipulated in Article 18 of the Toll Regulations.
  Article 7 Under any of the following circumstances, the toll right in the rights and interests of toll roads shall not be transferred:
  (1) Two-lane independent bridges and tunnels with a length of less than 1,000 meters;
  (2) Secondary roads;
  (3) The charging time has exceeded 2/3 of the approved charging period.
  Article 8 The right to charge, the right to operate advertising and the right to operate service facilities of the same toll road project may be transferred together or separately.
  Article 9 Transfer the rights and interests of toll roads, shall not have the following acts:
  (1) dividing a legally approved toll road project into several sections to transfer the toll right;
  (2) Bundling and transferring the rights and interests of toll roads with those of non-toll roads;
  (3) The transferee has not completely inherited the responsibilities and obligations originally undertaken by the transferor to the government and the public;
  (four) the rights and interests of the government’s repayment of loans are transferred to the enterprise legal person free of charge.
  Article 10 The transfer of the rights and interests of toll roads that have not been paid off by international financial organizations or foreign governments shall be approved by the original examination and approval department for the use of foreign loans before applying for transfer examination and approval in accordance with relevant state regulations.
  The transferee of the transfer of the rights and interests of toll roads shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state on investment management, report the application report of investment projects to the competent investment department with corresponding management authority for approval before applying for transfer approval. When applying for approval, the contract for the transfer of rights and interests of toll roads shall be submitted at the same time.
  Article 11 The transfer of highway toll right shall obtain the consent of the following interested parties:
  (1) Creditors of the highway;
  (2) The pledgee of the highway toll right;
  (3) All investors of the highway;
  (4) The person whose consent is required for transfer and retransfer as stipulated in the highway investment and construction contract and the contract for transferring the highway toll right.
  Article 12 The transferee of highway toll right shall meet the following conditions:
  (a) the financial situation is good, and the owner’s equity of the enterprise is not less than 35% of the actual cost of the transferee project;
  (2) It has a good business reputation, and there are no major violations of laws and regulations in economic activities;
  (3) Other conditions stipulated by laws and regulations.
  When transferring the right to operate highway advertising and service facilities separately, the conditions that the transferee should meet shall be implemented in accordance with local laws and regulations of the provincial people’s government.
  Article 13 To transfer the government’s right to charge for road repayment, you can apply to the provincial people’s government to extend the charging period, but the extension period shall not exceed 5 years, and the total accumulated charging period shall not exceed 20 years. The sum of the cumulative charging periods of the central and western provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government determined by the state for repayment of highways shall not exceed 25 years at the longest.
  The transfer of the right to charge for operating roads shall not extend the charging period, and the total accumulated charging period shall not exceed 25 years. The sum of the cumulative toll collection periods of operating highways in central and western provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government determined by the state shall not exceed 30 years at the longest.
  It is not allowed to raise the vehicle toll standard on the grounds of transferring the highway toll right.


 


Chapter III Procedures for Transfer of Rights and Interests of Toll Roads


  Article 14 To transfer the right of highway toll collection, before going through the examination and approval of transfer, the transferor may first apply to the examination and approval authority for the transfer project.
  To apply for the transfer of the project, the following materials need to be submitted:
  (a) the general situation of the highway to which the toll right has been transferred, including the construction period of the highway, the technical level and scale, the source and amount of investment, the toll collection time, and the revenue and expenditure of the toll road in the last three years;
  (2) The reason and purpose of the transfer;
  (three) the investment of the income from the transfer of government loan repayment roads;
  (four) the written opinions of the interested parties agreed to the transfer as stipulated in Article 11 of these Measures;
  (five) the transfer of the rights and interests of toll roads that have not been paid off by international financial organizations or foreign governments, and the written consent of the original examination and approval department for the use of foreign loans;
  (six) the provincial people’s government approved the collection of vehicle tolls;
  (7) The accounting report of the previous year audited by an auditing organ or a qualified accounting firm;
  (eight) the transfer of highway toll right for the first time, provide the final financial statements and completion audit report of the toll road;
  (nine) the transfer of operating highway toll rights, provide the articles of association;
  (ten) to transfer the right of highway toll collection again, and provide the original transfer agreement;
  (eleven) other documents that the examination and approval authority deems necessary.
  Article 15 After receiving the application for transfer of the project, the examination and approval authority shall conduct a preliminary examination on whether the charging right applied for transfer meets the transfer conditions, and issue a review opinion on the transfer of the project.
  The review opinions of the transfer project can be used as the basis for the transferor to prove that the proposed highway toll right meets the transfer conditions when making preparatory work for the transfer.
  The review opinions on the transfer project are valid for one year from the date of issuance.
  Article 16 To transfer the toll right of the following toll roads, the transferor shall entrust a qualified asset appraisal institution to evaluate the value of the toll right:
  (a) the government owing on the loan highway;
  (2) Operating highways with financial capital investment;
  (three) the use of state-owned capital investment roads.
  The appraisal report issued by the asset appraisal institution is the basis for determining the lowest transaction price for the transfer of the toll right of the toll road specified in the preceding paragraph.
  The transferor’s asset appraisal report issued by the asset appraisal institution shall be submitted to the relevant departments for approval or filing in accordance with the relevant state provisions on asset appraisal.
  Article 17 Where the transferor evaluates the value of the charging right in accordance with the provisions of Article 16, it shall entrust an asset appraisal institution that meets the following conditions:
  (1) Having the asset appraisal qualification as stipulated by laws and administrative regulations;
  (2) The personnel of the appraisal institution have professional knowledge and experience suitable for the evaluation of the value of highway toll right;
  (3) The appraisal institutions and personnel have not committed any violation in the past three years, and have no bad record of violation.
  Article 18 When transferring the rights and interests of toll roads, the valuation method should adopt the present value method of income, and the income period involved should be agreed by the transferor and the asset appraisal institution within the approved charging period.
  Article 19 The transfer of the rights and interests of the government’s repayment of highway tolls and the rights and interests of operating highway tolls with financial capital investment shall be conducted by public bidding, and the transferee shall be selected fairly, justly and openly.
  Article 20 The bidding activities for the transfer of the rights and interests of toll roads shall strictly implement the relevant provisions such as the Bidding Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).
  The transportation department of the provincial people’s government is responsible for the supervision and management of the whole process of bidding for the transfer of rights and interests of toll roads. The development and reform department and the competent financial department of the provincial people’s government shall be responsible for the supervision of bidding activities according to their respective responsibilities.
  Article 21 Where the rights and interests of toll roads are transferred by tender, the transferor shall issue a tender announcement through newspapers, information networks or other media designated by the state. The announcement period shall not be less than 20 days.
  Article 22 Where the rights and interests of government repayment roads are transferred and the rights and interests of operating roads with financial capital investment and state-owned capital investment are used for bidding, a reserve price bidding shall be implemented. Among them, the reserve price of the transfer of the right to charge shall not be lower than the evaluation price of the value of the right to charge approved or confirmed by the relevant departments.
  Article 23 The transferor shall prepare the tender documents according to law. The tender documents shall include the following contents:
  (a) the basic situation of the project subject to tender, including the project construction period, opening time, technical level and scale, investment sources and investment amount, income and expenditure in recent years, etc.;
  (two) the transferee shall have the conditions and relevant qualifications and credit requirements. When transferring the rights and interests of government repayment roads and operating roads with financial capital investment, the transferee shall be required to promise that the established highway management enterprises will not provide external guarantees, including providing any form of guarantee for the transferee’s debts and will not bear the transferee’s debts;
  (3) The rights and obligations of the transferee;
  (4) The payment form, term (no longer than 6 months after the contract comes into effect) and guarantee requirements of the transfer money;
  (5) Requirements for highway maintenance, greening and soil and water conservation during the operation period;
  (six) the procedures for dissolution and liquidation after the end of the operation, and the standards for highways and highway ancillary facilities and service facilities when the rights and interests of highways are transferred;
  (seven) the conditions for the bankruptcy, termination and dissolution of the transfer agreement of the transferee or the highway operation enterprise established by it;
  (eight) the conditions for the government to terminate the agreement on the transfer of rights and interests of toll roads;
  (nine) the requirements for the preparation of bidding documents and their delivery methods, places and deadlines;
  (ten) the place of bid opening and the time arrangement of bid opening and bid evaluation;
  (eleven) evaluation criteria, evaluation methods, evaluation procedures, and factors to determine the waste target;
  (twelve) the main terms of the signed transfer contract;
  (thirteen) the employee placement plan;
  (14) A scheme for handling creditor’s rights and debts;
  (fifteen) other issues that need to be explained.
  Article 24 After the transferee is determined, the transferor and the transferee shall conclude a contract for the transfer of rights and interests of toll roads according to law.
  The transfer contract shall include the following clauses:
  (1) Names and domiciles of the transferor and transferee;
  (2) The name and business content of the project;
  (3) Business scope and transfer period;
  (four) the transfer price and the time (not more than 6 months after the contract comes into effect) and method of payment;
  (5) Matters related to asset delivery;
  (6) The employee placement plan involved by the transferor;
  (seven) the rights and obligations of the transferor;
  (eight) the rights and obligations of the transferee;
  (nine) highway maintenance and service quality assurance measures (including the establishment of maintenance deposit, etc.);
  (10) Responsibility for business risks;
  (eleven) highway maintenance responsibility;
  (twelve) the way and time of highway handover;
  (thirteen) the way to solve the dispute;
  (fourteen) the parties’ liability for breach of contract;
  (15) Conditions for the alteration and dissolution of the contract;
  (sixteen) the ownership and transfer of highway toll right after the expiration of the transfer contract;
  (17) Other terms deemed necessary by both parties.
  Article 25 The contract for the transfer of highway toll rights and interests shall take effect from the date of approval of the transfer of highway toll rights.
  Article 26 The transfer of the toll right of national highways (including national trunk lines and national expressway network projects, the same below) shall be approved by the competent department of transportation of the State Council. The transfer of other highway toll rights other than the national highway shall be approved by the provincial transportation department and reported to the provincial people’s government for approval.
  The merger and transfer of highway advertising management right, service facility management right and highway toll right shall be approved by the examination and approval authority with the authority to examine and approve highway toll right.
  The examination and approval of the separate transfer of the right to operate highway advertising and service facilities shall be carried out in accordance with local regulations and the rules of the provincial people’s government.
  Article 27 To apply for the transfer of highway toll right, the transferor shall submit the application documents to the examination and approval authority, which shall include:
  (1) Where an application for project establishment has been filed, the examination opinions on project establishment transfer shall be submitted; If an application for project establishment has not been submitted, relevant materials specified in Article 14 shall be submitted;
  (two) the relevant materials and asset appraisal report approval or filing documents for the valuation of the charging right in accordance with the provisions in the early stage of the transfer;
  (three) the bidding situation in the early stage of the transfer and the determination of the transferee;
  (4) A copy of the transferee’s accounting report for the previous year and the transferee’s legal person business license issued by the auditing department or accounting firm;
  (five) the relevant procedures and written consent in accordance with the provisions of article tenth;
  (six) the specific investment of the transfer income;
  (seven) the management of highway toll rights and interests;
  (eight) the transfer contract of highway toll rights signed by the transferor and the transferee;
  (nine) other documents that the examination and approval authority deems necessary.
  Article 28 The examination and approval authority shall, in accordance with the requirements of the Administrative Licensing Law and relevant regulations, handle the examination and approval of the transfer of highway toll right.
  When examining the application for the transfer of rights and interests of toll roads, the examination and approval authorities shall comprehensively consider the factors that safeguard national interests and social public interests.
  If it agrees to transfer the right of highway toll collection, the examination and approval authority shall issue an approval document for the transfer of highway toll collection right.
  Article 29 If the people’s government at the provincial level approves the transfer of highway toll right, the transferor shall, within 30 days from the date of approval, report the examination opinions of the provincial transportation authorities, the approval documents of the provincial people’s government and the transfer contract to the the State Council transportation authorities for the record.
  Article 30 The State Council transportation authorities shall, within 30 days from the date of approval of the transfer of highway toll right, send a copy of the approval document to the competent department of development and reform of the State Council and the competent department of finance.
  Article 31 The transferor shall be responsible for the authenticity and legality of the application materials submitted.


Chapter IV Management of the Use of Transfer Income


  Article 32 The income from the transfer of the government’s rights and interests in repaying loans on highways shall be used for highway construction except for repayment of highway construction loans and paid fund-raising. No unit may use the income from the transfer of the rights and interests of the government’s repayment of loans for projects other than highway construction.
  The part of the income obtained from the transfer of the rights and interests of operating highways with financial capital investment corresponding to the share of financial capital investment is mainly used for highway construction except for repayment of highway construction loans.
  Article 33 The income from the transfer of all the rights and interests of operating roads invested by social funds shall be determined by the investors themselves.
  The relevant state departments should encourage investors to continue to invest this part of their income in highway construction projects.
  Article 34 The income obtained from the transfer of the rights and interests of government repayment roads and the rights and interests of operating roads with financial capital investment shall be included in the budget management. The transferor shall, within 3 working days after obtaining the above-mentioned transfer income, turn it over to the finance according to the prescribed budget levels. The implementation of non tax revenue collection management system reform, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the reform. The competent financial department shall incorporate the transfer income into the fiscal revenue and expenditure budget of the current year, and the funds shall be allocated in accordance with the relevant provisions of the fiscal treasury management system.


 


Chapter V Follow-up Management and Recovery of Rights and Interests Transfer of Toll Roads


  Article 35 The transferee has the rights and interests of highway toll collection within the transfer period according to law, and the ownership of the highway and highway ancillary facilities transferred with the rights and interests of toll roads is still owned by the state.
  Article 36 Upon the expiration of the transfer period stipulated in the toll road rights transfer contract, the roads, highway ancillary facilities and service facilities that transfer the toll road rights should be in good technical condition, recovered by the state free of charge, and managed by the transportation authorities.
  If the transfer period of the rights and interests of the toll road is not full, and the state recovers the transferred rights and interests of the toll road in advance due to social and public interests, the competent transportation department that receives the rights and interests of the toll road shall compensate the transferee according to law. The maximum compensation is calculated and determined according to the proportion of the original transfer price and the period of early recovery to the original approved transfer period.
  Article 37 After the transfer of the rights and interests of the toll road, the responsibilities of the road administration shall still be exercised by the agencies and personnel of the transportation departments of the local people’s governments at or above the county level or the highway management agencies.
  Article 38 After the transferee obtains the rights and interests of the toll road in accordance with the law, the legally established highway management enterprise shall, in accordance with the standards and specifications stipulated by the state, do a good job in highway maintenance management, greening and soil and water conservation within the scope of highway land use, and carry out daily inspection, testing and maintenance of the toll road and facilities along it to ensure that the toll road is in a good technical state.
  Highway management enterprises shall, according to the requirements of the competent department of transportation, provide regular inspection reports on highway technical conditions.
  Article 39 Highway management enterprises shall accept the industry management of the transportation departments of the State Council and the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, implement network charging as required, and abide by other unified requirements of the road network, and provide statistical data and relevant business conditions in a timely manner.
  Article 40 After the transfer of the rights and interests of toll roads, the competent transportation departments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall supervise and inspect the toll management and maintenance of the toll roads.
  Six months before the expiration of the transfer period stipulated in the contract for the transfer of the rights and interests of toll roads, the competent transportation departments of the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall identify and accept the toll roads that have transferred their rights and interests. After identification and acceptance, if the highway meets the technical grade and standard approved at the time of transfer of the rights and interests of toll roads, the highway management enterprise may, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, go through the formalities of highway transfer to the competent transportation department at the expiration of the transfer period; Do not meet the technical level and standards approved when transferring the rights and interests of toll roads, highway management enterprises shall carry out maintenance within the time limit determined by the competent department of transportation, and only after meeting the requirements can they go through the formalities of highway handover in accordance with the regulations. If the transfer period fails to meet the requirements, the competent transportation department shall take back the right of highway toll collection, go through the formalities of highway handover, and designate other units to carry out maintenance, and the maintenance costs shall be borne by the original highway operation enterprises.


 


Chapter VI Legal Liability


  Article 41 In violation of the provisions of these measures, unauthorized approval of the transfer of rights and interests of toll roads shall be investigated and dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Article 47 of the Toll Regulations.
  Article 42 In violation of the provisions of article ninth of these measures, the competent department of transportation of the State Council or the provincial competent department of transportation shall be ordered to make corrections according to their functions and powers; The responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given administrative sanctions according to law; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.
  Article 43 In violation of the provisions of these measures, the transferor shall select the transferee through bidding without bidding, or the procedures and contents of bidding do not conform to the provisions of these measures, and shall be investigated and dealt with in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Bidding Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).
  Article 44 In violation of the provisions of these measures, social intermediary institutions resort to deceit when auditing or evaluating the toll road rights transfer project, or the accounting report and evaluation report issued by them are seriously untrue, and according to the seriousness of the case, the relevant institutions shall punish them in accordance with the provisions of relevant national laws and regulations.
  Article 45 In violation of the provisions of these measures, one of the following acts shall be investigated and dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Article 52 of the Regulations on Charges:
  (1) The transferor fails to pay the full amount of the income corresponding to the share of financial capital investment in the income from the transfer of the rights and interests of the government’s loan repayment highway and the income from the transfer of the rights and interests of the operating highway with financial capital investment;
  (II) The transportation department and the financial department will not use the income corresponding to the share of financial capital investment in the income from the transfer of the rights and interests of the government’s loan repayment highway and the rights and interests of the operating highway with financial capital investment for repayment of loans or paid fund-raising and for highway construction, and will use the transfer income for other purposes.
  Article 46 In violation of the provisions of these measures, the transferee fails to fulfill the obligations of soil and water conservation within the scope of highway maintenance, greening and highway land use, and shall be investigated and dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Articles 54 and 55 of the Charge Regulations.
  Article 47 In violation of the provisions of these measures, the examination and approval authority and its staff in any of the following circumstances shall be investigated and dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Articles 72 and 74 of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Administrative Licensing Law:
  (a) the examination and approval opinions are not issued within the time limit prescribed in these Measures;
  (two) the application for the transfer of rights and interests of toll roads that do not meet the statutory conditions and procedures is approved, or the application is approved beyond the statutory authority;
  (three) in the process of acceptance and examination, the transferor was not informed of all the contents that must be supplemented at one time.
  Article 48 In the process of examining and approving the transfer of the rights and interests of toll roads, the staff of the examination and approval authorities ask for or accept other people’s property or seek other benefits, and shall be investigated and dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Article 73 of the Administrative Licensing Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).


 


Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions


  Article 49 The time limit stipulated in these Measures shall be calculated in working days, excluding legal holidays.
  Article 50 These Measures shall come into force as of October 1, 2008. On October 9, 1996, the Ministry of Communications issued the Measures for the Administration of Paid Transfer of Highway Management Rights by Decree No.9 of the Ministry of Communications, which shall be abolished at the same time.